QR Kodlarının Yapısı

QR kodu (Quick response code), 1994 yılında DENSO WAVE tarafından geliştirilen yüksek hızlı okuma yapabilen bir matris 2D kodudur. 1997 yılında AIMI’nin ITS standardına ve 2000 yılında ISO/IEC standartlarına göre tescil edilmiştir.

Ayrıca, Micro QR kodu 2004 yılında JIS-X-0510 olarak standartlaştırılmıştır.

2D kodlar hakkında öğrenmeniz gereken her şey bu kılavuzda!


Bu kılavuz QR kodu, Veri matrisi (DataMatrix) ve PDF417 gibi 2D kodların yapısının ve standartlarının anlaşılması için kolay bir anlatım sunar.

QR Kodlarının Özellikleri

QR kodunun en küçük elemanı (siyah veya beyaz kare) “modül” olarak adlandırılır. Bir QR kodu, siyah ve beyaz modüllerin, konum algılama modellerinin, zamanlama modellerinin, hata düzeltme seviyesi ve maske numaralarını içeren format bilgilerinin, veri alanının ve hata düzeltme kodunun bir kombinasyonundan oluşur.

(Reed-Solomon kodu).

Özellikler
Minimum boyut 21 x 21 modül
Maksimum boyut 177 x 177 modül
Maksimum veri kapasitesi Sayısal 7089 karakter
Alfa sayısal 4296 karakter
Kanji 1817 karakter

Konum algılama modelleri

Konum algılama modelleri, QR kodlarının üç köşesine yerleştirilmiştir. (Mikro QR’de bir tane vardır.) QR kodunun konumu, yüksek hızlı okumaya olanak tanıyan konum algılama modelleri sayesinde algılanır.
A, B ve C’nin herhangi bir konumundan, kodun dönüş açısını/yer değiştirmesini belirtebilmek için siyah ve beyaz modüllerin oranı 1:1:3:1:1’dir. Her yönden okunabildiği için iş verimliliğini önemli ölçüde artırır.

Hizalama modeli

Hizalama modeli, herhangi bir bozulma nedeniyle modüllerin yer değiştirmesi durumunda konum tespiti için kullanılır.
2. modele uygulanır

Kenar boşlukları

QR kodunu çevresindeki boşluklardır. Model 1 ve 2, dört modüllü bir marj (kenar boşluğu) gerektirirken Mikro QR kodu iki modül gerektirir.

Zamanlama modeli

Beyaz ve siyah modüller, koordinatı belirleyebilmek için sıralı bir şekilde, dönüşümlü olarak düzenlenir.

Format/Biçim bilgisi

Format bilgisi, kodun hata düzeltme oranını ve maske modelini içerir. Kod çözüldüğünde ilk olarak format bilgisi okunması gerçekleşir.

Hata düzeltme kodu (Reed-Solomon kodu)

Reed-Solomon kodu, Veri matrisi (DataMatrix) kodunun bir parçası hasar gördüğünde verileri onarır.

Hata düzeltme seviyesi Kodun tamamında zarar görmüş alan
L 7%
M 15%
Q 25%
H 30%

Hata düzeltme kodunun düzenlenmesi

Veri ve hata düzeltme kodu aşağıda gösterilen şekilde sıralanır. (Örnek: M seviyesinde Model 2 Sürüm 2) Konum algılama modeliyle aynı modelin görünmesini önlemek için koda bir maske uygulanır.

QR Kodlarının Özellikleri

Farklı özelliklere ve veri kapasitelerine sahip QR kodları; Model 1, Model 2 ve Mikro QR olarak sınıflandırılır.

“Sürüm”, bir QR kodunun boyutunu (modül sayısını) gösterir. Sürüm arttıkça daha fazla veri içerir. (Kodun gerçek boyutu da artar.)

Standart sürüm 21 x 21 modüldür (MicroQR 11 x 11 modüle sahiptir) ve sürüm arttıkça her iki tarafa 4 modül (MicroQR için 2 modül) eklenir.

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1, Model 2 ve Micro QR’nin prototipidir. 1’den 14’e kadar olan versiyonlar AIMI standardına kayıtlıdır
Model 2, pozisyon ayarının daha düzgün bir şekilde yapılabilmesi için bir tür hizalama paternine sahiptir. Ayrıca, Model 1’den daha fazla veri içerir. 1’den 40’a kadar olan sürümleri ise, AIMI standardına aittir. 40. sürümü, 7089’a kadar sayısal karakter içerebilir.

Maksimum veri kapasitesi
Sayısal 1167 karakter
Alfa sayısal 707 karakter
Çift (İkili) 468bayt
Kanji 299 karakter

Sürümün artması durumunda, koda hem X hem de Y yönünde 4 modül eklenir.

Maksimum veri kapasitesi
Sayısal 7089 karakter
Alfa sayısal 4296 karakter
Çift (İkili) 2953 bayt
Kanji 1817 karakter

Sürümün artması durumunda, koda hem X hem de Y yönünde 4 modül eklenir.

Mikro QR

Mikro QR’nin baskılı devre kartları gibi küçük bileşenlere basılabilmesi için boyutu küçültmek adına yalnızca bir konum algılama modeli içerir. Minimum modül sayısı 11 x 11’dir.

Mikro QR kodları, 35 veya daha az sayıda karakter kaldırabilen uygulamalar için doğrusal barkodlara yer kazandıran bir alternatiftir.

Maksimum veri kapasitesi
Sayısal 35 karakter
Alfa sayısal 21 karakter
Çift (İkili) 15 bayt
Kanji 19 karakter

Sürümün artması durumunda, koda hem X hem de Y yönünde 2 modül eklenir.

QR kod boyutu nasıl belirlenir?

QR kodunun boyutu, bir modülün sürümüne ve boyutuna göre belirlenir.

(1) Sürümü belirleyin

Veri içeriğine, karakter tipine ve hata düzeltme oranına göre bir sürüm seçin.

Maksimum giriş karakteri sayısı için aşağıya bakın.

(2) Modül boyutunu belirleyin

Yazıcının çözünürlüğünü ve tarayıcının performansını göz önünde bulundurarak modül boyutunu belirleyin.

(3) QR kodunun boyutu belirlenir

QR kodunun gerçek boyutu, modül sayısı ile yazdırılabilir modülün boyutu çarpılarak belirlenir. QR kodunun gerektirdiği alanı belirlemek için kenar boşlukları eklenir. Model 1 ve 2, 4 modül gerektirirken Mikro QR, her iki tarafta kenar boşluğu olarak 2 modül gerektirir.

Modül boyutu 0.25mm olduğu zaman ,

QR kodunun boyutları aşağıdaki gibidir:
Sürüm 1 için 5,25 x 5,25 mm (21 x 21)
Sürüm 4 için 8,25 x 8,25 mm (33 x 33)

Kenar boşlukları dahil gereken alanlar aşağıdaki gibidir:
Sürüm 1 için 7,25 x 7,25 mm (29 x 29)
1Sürüm 4 için 10,25 x 10,25 mm (41 x 41)

Her sürümün veri kapasitesi

Model

Sürüm (Modül numarası) Sayısal Alfa sayısal Çift (İkili) Kanji
L M Q H L M Q H L M Q H L M Q H
1(21) 41 34 27 17 25 20 16 10 17 14 11 7 10 8 7 4
2(25) 77 63 48 34 47 38 29 20 32 26 20 14 20 16 12 8
3(39) 127 101 77 58 77 61 47 35 53 42 32 24 32 26 20 15
4(33) 187 149 111 82 114 90 67 50 78 62 46 34 48 38 28 21
5(37) 255 202 144 106 154 122 87 64 106 84 60 44 65 52 37 27
6(41) 322 255 178 139 195 154 108 84 134 106 74 58 82 65 45 36
7(45) 370 293 207 154 224 178 125 93 154 122 86 64 95 75 53 39
8(49) 461 365 259 202 279 221 157 122 192 152 108 84 118 93 66 52
9(53) 552 432 312 235 335 262 189 143 230 180 108 130 141 111 80 60
10(57) 652 513 364 288 395 311 221 174 271 213 151 119 167 131 93 74
11(61) 772 604 427 331 468 366 259 200 321 251 177 137 198 155 109 85
12(65) 883 691 489 374 535 419 296 227 367 287 203 155 226 177 125 96
13(69) 1022 796 580 427 619 483 352 259 425 331 241 177 262 204 149 109
14(73) 1101 871 621 468 667 528 376 283 458 362 258 194 282 223 159 120
15(77) 1250 991 703 530 758 600 426 321 520 412 292 220 320 254 180 136
16(81) 1408 1082 775 602 854 656 470 365 586 450 322 250 361 277 198 154
17(85) 1548 1212 876 674 938 734 531 408 644 504 364 280 397 310 224 173
18(89) 1725 1346 946 746 1046 816 574 452 718 560 394 310 442 345 243 191
19(93) 1903 1500 1063 813 1153 909 644 493 792 624 442 338 488 384 272 208
20(97) 2061 1600 1159 919 1249 970 702 557 858 666 482 382 528 410 297 235
21(101) 2232 1708 1224 969 1352 1035 742 587 929 711 509 403 572 438 314 248
22(105) 2409 1872 1358 1056 1460 1134 823 640 1003 779 565 439 618 480 348 270

Mikro QR

Sürüm Hata düzeltme Sayısal Alfa sayısal Çift (İkili) Kanji
M1(11) Hata düzeltme 5
M2(13) L 10 6
M 7 5
M3(15) L 23 14 9 6
M 18 11 7 4
M4(17) L 35 21 15 9
M 30 18 13 8
Q 21 13 9 5

Yukarıda bulunan tablodaki her karakter sayısı, girilebilecek maksimum karakter sayısını gösterir.

Bununla birlikte, veriler yukarıdaki tabloda gösterilenlerden daha az karakter içerse bile, veri bileşenine bağlı olarak sürümün boyutu büyür (örneğin, rakamlar ve sembollerin kombinasyonu veya büyük ve küçük harflerin kombinasyonu).

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2D Kodların Temelleri
Veri Matrisi (DataMatrix) Kodu Nedir?

Barkod / 2D Kod Doğrulaması
Barkod/İki Boyutlu Kod Doğrulama Nedir?

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Telecentric Measurement System
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Telecentric Measurement System
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Telecentric Measurement System
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Confocal Displacement Sensor
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Confocal Displacement Sensor
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Confocal Displacement Sensor
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LJ-X8000 series

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2D/3D Laser Profiler
LJ-X8000 series

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2D/3D Laser Profiler
LJ-X8000 series

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Telecentric Measurement System
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